Were Our Ancestors Idiots? Some "Experts" Think So

If you watch television or read magazine or newspaper articles it seems that there are more and more stories out there about how our ancestors could not have possibly built the massive ancient structures that they claim to have built. For example, the pyramids in Egypt were too complex and too perfect for anyone to have built by the tools of the workman at the time therefore they were not built by the ancient Egyptians. Well, if the Egyptians didn’t build the great pyramids in Egypt, who did? The answer, according to “experts”, is either aliens, a race of technologically advanced humans or humans traveling back in time.

Well, as logical as that sounds (and it doesn’t) I remain fully convinced that our ancestors were not idiots running around aimlessly until “visitors” came by to build them Stonehenge or the pyramids at Egypt or any of the other great ancient structures. The people in the distant past developed their own tools, discovered math and developed building techniques that created these wonderful structures. No help from aliens or time-travelling future people were necessary and I find it deeply disturbing that people believe this.

Let’s take a look at why some people seem to believe that our ancestors had help in building some of the greatest structures of the ancient world and why I believe these people to be completely wrong.

“The aliens did it” concept: According to “experts”, our ancestors did not have the technology to move large blocks of stone to create the pyramids in Egypt. These blocks are incredibly heavy and there wasn’t anything strong enough to move them, so it must have been moved by a technologically advanced race of beings.

Why this is concept is wrong: This is wrong because ancient Egyptians did have the manpower, the technology and the knowledge to move these blocks. These ancient people had figured out mathematics, the wheel, how to use animals to carry or pull large objects, how to build a ramp and how to build a lever. They practiced on smaller pyramids and eventually moved up to bigger ones which helped them figure out what works and what doesn’t. They also had a massive workforce that worked for the pharaoh that was highly motivated. Apparently they preferred living as opposed to the “retirement” plan for those who refused.

Recently scientists from around the world have taken the old techniques and tools that they believed the ancients would have used in Egypt and managed to move stones that weighed several tons. They were able to put these stones in position using just these tools and methods, proving that it could be done without the aid of modern technology.

“The aliens did it” concept: According to “experts” our ancestors did not have the tools to cut out large blocks of stone for Stonehenge or the pyramids in Egypt, so they must have had “help”.

Why this is concept is wrong: Most of the sites where these large blocks were quarried have been found. Ancient tool marks have been found at these quarries and even a few blocks that had not been fully cut out have been found. After looking at these quarry sites it is plain to see, even with an untrained eye, that ancient tools were used to cut out large blocks of stone. No burn marks from precise lasers were found. No evidence of futuristic machines were ever found in these areas (or any areas for that matter) and no mention of help from an advanced race in any of the historical material. Either these “advanced races” were incredibly diligent in covering up their presence or else these ancient races actually used their knowledge to quarry their own stone.

“The aliens did it” concept: According to “experts” the blocks of stone in the pyramids and even ones in South America were cut too perfectly. So much so that in places you could not even fit a piece of paper into the space between two stones! Only an advanced race could do that!

Why this is concept is wrong: If ancient stone masons could cut a block of stone out of a large quarry, they would have the ability to cut the blocks down and smooth them out so that they fit together perfectly. Just because we don’t know how exactly they did this does not mean it could not be done. We have just lost the knowledge through the ages. Let me tell you of a couple of good examples to illustrate my point.

The best example I can think of is the Parthenon in Athens. It is well documented that the ancient Greeks built this as a temple to Athena and was used using ancient building techniques. I don’t think anyone can dispute that, so what was found there makes this quite an amazing find.

A few years ago, while repairing the damaged Parthenon, a column that had been standing for hundreds, if not thousands of years was taken down for repair. The column was made of marble but it wasn’t one long piece, it was made up of sections of marble with a cedar tree block in between them to help centre the pieces and give the illusion of one solid piece of marble instead of individual parts. That alone is an impressive building technique but when they pulled apart the pieces of marble on one section of the column, they found a cedar block still sitting between two of the sections! Workers claimed they could smell the cedar as if it was just cut yesterday. Apparently the marble sections had been carved so perfectly that they created an air tight seal that lasted over the centuries and preserved the cedar perfectly.

Another good example of lost technology is “Greek Fire”. The ancient Greeks created what was called “Greek Fire” and used it in battle against many of their foes. This “Greek Fire” was a mixture of chemicals put into a jar, that, when exposed to the air, exploded into flame. This weapon was well documented throughout the ages by the Greeks and many of their foes but the secret of what the “Greek Fire” was made of is a mystery even today.

“The aliens did it” concept: According to “experts”, the ancient pyramids in Egypt and the Nazca Lines in Peru, South America were created in such a way so that people from the air could recognize them. The pyramids layout matched a constellation in space and the Nazca Lines were pictures that only could be seen from far above. Since the ancients couldn’t fly, why would they build this unless they were built for people with the technology to see them? Also, how could people who can’t monitor the building process from the air know how to build patterns like this unless they could fly?

Why this is concept is wrong: The ancients did build the Nazca Lines for an audience from above but it was not for an advanced race, it was for their gods. As for the ancient Egyptians, they seemed to have put their pyramids in specific positions on purpose to mimic the Orion constellation (which was thought to be associated with the Egyptian god Osiris) but we cannot be certain. From what anthropologists can tell from all the evidence left behind by the ancient Egyptians, it seems that astronomy was something that they were interested in and since they believed that some of their gods lived in the heavens, logically they might have believed the gods could see what they built. What better tribute to the gods than recreating the heavens on Earth?

The Nazca too believed in gods that lived or travelled in the sky, so they drew pictures to appease them. After all, who doesn’t want a happy god looking down on you instead of an angry one?

As for how they built them in that specific way, that’s easy. The Egyptians figured out mathematics and used this to calculate a way to mirror the star pattern above when they made the placements for their pyramids.

The Nazca must have created a smaller version of the pictures they drew and then figured out a way to make them bigger just like artist today can accurately recreate a small painting on the side of a large wall. If you are thinking that this isn’t the same then think about this.

Years ago, crop circles (images created by using crops so that a pattern could be seen from the air) popped up all over England. People thought it might have been aliens as you could only see the patterns from the air. However, after a while groups of people (human, non-alien, non-advanced people) have since been caught creating the patterns. They used a stick or pole and some rope and slowly and methodically pushed down the crops so that they formed a pattern. They did this at night and without the aid of someone in a plane looking down on them. They also did this without a computer or other calculating machine to help them. In other words, they created an image quickly and easily that could be seen from the air. So it is definitely possible to create patterns or (in the case of the Nazca) pictures that only someone from the air can see.

“The aliens did it” concept: According to “experts”, ancient buildings like the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt, Stonehenge and the some of the Mayan pyramids in modern Mexico are aligned with the stars so perfectly that it is impossible for the (feeble) minds of the ancients to have done this. They didn’t have equipment or technology advanced enough to anticipate how to have these buildings face the right way. For example, in Mexico, one of the Mayan pyramids creates the image of a “snake” during the equinox. In the Great Pyramid in Egypt there is a hole or shaft running through the pyramid that lined up the King’s Chamber (the burial room in the pyramid) to a star in Orion at the time the pyramid was built. And Stonehenge seems to be built as a celestial calendar. How is all of this possible without today’s knowledge?

Why this is concept is wrong: If you take simple observation of an event like the equinox or position of a star and realize that it seems to be in the same place in the sky at a certain point in time, you can mark those spots with something as simple as a few sticks or stones. The following equinox or star sighting, you can take check to see if the sticks are stilled lined up in the right place as before. If they are, you can now figure out how to align your structure so that you get it to line up correctly. Astronomy was a big part of the ancient’s life and their devotion to getting things right to honour the gods should not be underestimated.

“The aliens did it” concept: In some drawings, hieroglyphs and oral histories that have made it to today talk about or picture supernatural beings. They also talk about or picture strange lights in the sky or unexplainable events. This is proof that they were visited by an advanced race and this advanced race must have built these structures.

Why this is concept is wrong: While it is true that there are some pictures and stories that appear to be supernatural beings visiting ancient races, no evidence has been found to support this theory. Surely if they were visited by aliens, the aliens would have left something behind. A piece of advanced metal, a part of a dead alien, bits of clothing in an odd shape or made of an advanced material, something, but none have been found.

If an advanced race living on Earth had visited, where is there proof of their advanced technology? A piece of a machine that broke, bits of advanced materials that fell off the machine or off the clothing of the people visiting? Where is the evidence?

If people travelled back in time, why would they interfere with ancient races? If they created the structures then they would be altering their own timeline and possibly dooming themselves. If people did time-travel, I don’t see why they would do anything other than observe. To interact directly with humans from the past could stop certain things from happening and this would only have a domino effect into the future. Plus, where is the evidence?

The only “evidence” we have at the moment of these supernatural beings visiting are the pictures and stories left behind. However, we all know that human imagination can create all sorts of supernatural beings. Every race has thought up very different and very powerful gods that interact with humans though natural events. This is the way of humans. They want an explanation for why things occur. In absence of a concrete explanation, the imagination comes up with ideas on why things occur the way they do and that is how stories of supernatural beings get created. Other humans listen to the stories that finally give an explanation to nature’s actions and since there is no other explanation, they tend to believe it. These stories then become entrenched in the culture of a society and they stop being just stories but truths.

However, stories and pictures of supernatural, time-travelling humans or alien beings are not proof that these things visited ancient peoples. If it were then if someone from the distant future uncovers a bunch of comic books from the 20^th or 21^st century and nothing else, then we should burn our comic books now or they will think that the Earth had powerful beings protecting it from evil humans and alien invaders.

I haven’t covered all of the theories that people have come up with to “prove” that ancient peoples were visited by aliens, another advanced race or time-travelling human but I have covered the ones people like to bring up the most.

These theories, while very imaginative, have no basis in fact and absolutely no proof whatsoever. Everything can be explained by ancient human beings using their knowledge, observations and skill to build wonderful structures, some of which even stand today. I think that by so-called “experts” who spend their entire life dedicated to proving that our ancestors were idiots who needed someone or something to help them “progress” is an insulting idea. A baby born in ancient Egypt had the same type of brain and same type of knowledge as a baby born today. The imagination, the determination to succeed and the ability to learn is the same today as it was back then; the only difference is the education they are given as they grow. By belittling the achievements of our ancestors these people belittle us all. I for one am insulted by the idea and hope that one day these people will realize how embarrassingly simple-minded they look.

Problems with Warp Drive, Part 2

After my original post on Warp Drive problems, I found an article in Popular Science dated April 4, 2013 that discussed a Warp Drive proposed by Miguel Alcubierre (http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2013-03/faster-light-drive?src=SOC&dom=tw). Since his version of Warp Drive is slightly different than the one I discussed in my last blog, I thought I would look at what his version offers and if it could be built would it work.

Figure 1: Spaceship with Warp Drive as envisioned by Miguel Alcubierre (Popular Science Magazine, April 4, 2013)

What Alcubierre proposes is a Warp Drive that would create a bubble in space-time by using negative energy. I imagine this would be like what happens when you take a cup of water, for example and blow onto the surface causing the surface to bend in the opposite direction. If you kept blowing, you would get the surface to look like a semi-circle. Once this semi-circle in space-time is created by a spaceship with Warp Drive, it would then keep pushing into space-time behind the bending and space-time would then envelop the ship like a sphere entering a body of water. The negative energy produced by the Warp Drive would keep pushing against space-time and would warp it so that a bubble keeps the spaceship out of space-time.

Now I see two potential problems with this part of Alcubierre’s proposal.

First, what is this “negative energy” that is discussed? If there was something in the universe that repelled space-time, wouldn’t it be outside of the universe and out of our reach?

Second, I don’t believe that you can peel back space like it was a physical object. I think it exists like the space in the eye of a needle exists; it only exists as an absence of matter. I also don’t think you could treat it like some sort of liquid that you can blow a bubble in. If it was, it would take an enormous amount of energy to create this bubble and if something like a supernova can’t rip a bubble or hole in the universe, then I doubt you could find the energy to do something like that with a spaceship.

Alcubierre then proposes that his Warp Drive would move the bubble with the spaceship in it by space-time closing in on one end as the bubble moves forward. It’s the force of the universe ‘pinching down’ on the one end of the bubble that has the force. If you have trouble imagining this, think of a marble stuck midway in a garden hose. If you take your fingers and squeeze the hose directly behind the marble, it forces the marble to move away from your fingers in the hose.

With this part of Alcubierre’s model, I see more problems.

How would you navigate? If space is warped around your spaceship then getting an accurate reading from looking at surrounding stars would be impossible. Even if you could calculate this ahead of time, how could your spaceship figure out that it was continuing to move in the right direction? There would be things out in space that float around that would cause you to need a change of direction because, although you have warped space around your spaceship, this won’t matter if your ‘bubble’ runs into a planet or a star. If warping space-time means you could go through these solid objects, what happens when your spaceship drops its bubble at the end of the journey while in the middle of an object like an asteroid? What about changes in gravity that pulls you off course, how would you know to correct for it if you can’t tell where you are?

Alcubierre believes that with this Warp Drive, a spaceship could go faster than the speed of light. Apparently this is because of the theory that when the Big Bang occurred, space-time expanded faster than the speed of light (which, by the way if true, means the Theory of Relativity isn’t correct), so distorting or warping space-time would also relax the rules of relativity as it did during the Big Bang. This might be correct if the spaceship went back in time to the time of the Big Bang but you are only warping a small section of the universe with this spaceship, not riding the expansion of a young universe! Also, if you warp space around your spaceship you are still subject to the laws of physics as you are still in the universe. If the Theory of Relativity really does exist the way Albert Einstein thought it did, then you can’t go faster than the speed of light! In this case, the warping of space is only used as a way to propel you through the universe and wouldn’t cut you off from the universe. Even if it did cut you off from the rest of the universe, the ‘bubble’ of energy surrounding the spaceship is still buffeting against space-time and would be subject to Relativity, just like an air bubble in water is subject to the physics involved in liquids. However, even if you could cut yourself off from the rest of the universe, what would keep your molecules together if the physics of our universe no longer applied?

With all of these questions, I do not believe that anyone will be able to build a Warp Drive like the one envisioned by Miguel Alcubierre. All of this trickery to get around the Theory of Relativity’s rules does not make any logical sense and, as I have shown, is easily picked apart on closer inspection.

I do believe that it is possible to go faster than the speed of light and I know we will achieve that one day. The Theory of Relativity is flawed and the speed of light is not the speed limit of the universe. I think Miguel Alcubierre and others like him have great imaginations and someone one day will build a spaceship that will speed through the stars at speeds people today can’t imagine but it won’t be with a Warp Drive based on Alcubierre’s vision.

Problems with Warp Drive

After reading several articles in various magazines, newspapers and online about scientists working on the idea of a “Warp Drive” engine as envisioned by the writers of Star Trek (television series and movies), I thought I might weigh in on why Warp Drive will not work. I know that very few people read this blog and my ideas may go unnoticed by everyone but since the internet tends to keep information forever, perhaps I will one day be proved to be right.

First, for those who are unaware of how a Warp Drive would work, let me explain what I know based on my own observations of the Star Trek t.v. series, the movies and scientists’ speculation.

Since scientists tend to believe that Albert Einstein’s Theory of Relativity is pretty much a law (NOTE: if you read my earlier blogs you will find that I do NOT agree with the Theory of Relativity as it stands at the moment), then there isn't a way to travel faster than the speed of light, making any trips to planets outside our solar system a trip that would take centuries. Since this doesn't work for a television show that is an hour long, the writers of Star Trek came up with a bold idea. What would happen if you could slip out of the universe and therefore avoid those pesky rules of physics? 

What came from this was called, “Warp Drive”, where a ship in space would create a ‘bubble’ surrounding it that would cut itself off from the rest of the universe! Using this bubble, the spaceship would be free from the constraints that the speed of light has on matter and make it possible to move many times the speed of light allowing a trip that would take centuries to be done in a few days!

The writers can’t explain fully how you could create a “Warp Bubble” or "Warp Field" other than saying it takes an anti-mater power source and some fancy engineering but apparently this “bubble” is strong enough to cut all contact off from the universe to whatever is inside the bubble. However, if there is no contact from the outside universe, how can people in the bubble see the stars as shown in all of the movies and television series?

If the rules of physics can only be generated in the universe and things in the bubble are no longer in that universe, then all rules of physics would no longer work in the bubble, not just the convenience of breaking the speed limit imposed by relativity. That means that the gravity plates under the feet of the people in the ship would not work so they would be floating in space instead of walking around freely. Plus there wouldn't be light, air, electricity, or anything that works through the laws of physics. In fact, without these laws the molecules holding together the spaceship would fall apart and so would the molecules of anyone in that spaceship! So what would actually happen if a spaceship created a bubble that was cut off from the rest of the universe and the laws of physics is that at best, the entire contents of the bubble would quickly turn into an amorphous cloud. At worst the unraveling of molecules could cause an explosion that could cause some unknown issue in that part of the universe.

Another major problem with Warp Drive is how do you move? If you could create an active Warp Field around your spaceship and figure out how to stop your spaceship from unraveling, how do you plan on moving the bubble through space? Your spaceship has no connection to the outside of the bubble, so it can't push against anything and it can't pull at anything to get it moving. You could try pushing the spaceship against the bubble to force it forward but since you are cut off from the universe how do you know you are going in the right direction and since the Warp Field is so small you won't get enough distance to move around in the bubble and generate any velocity.

Then there is the fact that, if a spaceship inside a Warp Field is beyond the laws of physics, the bubble itself is not. The bubble has to travel through the universe and obey all laws of physics just like a bubble in water cannot ignore the fact that it is in water. So the spaceship can take advantage of a lack of physics only in the bubble which makes it the bubble useless to the spaceship.

So, although the Warp Drive is a great creation of imagination from a writer, it couldn't become a reality to make spaceships fly through space at great speeds. Unfortunately there are a lot of people out there who grew up with Star Trek and are spending a lot of time and money trying to develop this unreachable technological advance. They believe that if the writers of Star Trek thought it up, it could be achieved. I believe that people in the future will look back at Warp research the same way people of my age look back on the study of phrenology; well-meaning but an utter waste of time.

The Science of Superheroes

When I was growing up, I loved to read comic books about Superman, Batman, Spiderman and just about any superhero I could get my hands on. I couldn’t stop reading about the adventures of beings with superpowers that used those powers to help common people they had never even met before. I was hooked at a young age and it had a great effect on opening my imagination and giving me an open mind to new ideas, even ones that go beyond what could actually happen in real life. I knew even at a young age that most of what I was reading was impossible but it still entertained me and left me with the question, “what if?”

Now that I am older, I can look at comic book heroes and use science to prove that many of my boyhood heroes could not exist in our world any more than Santa Claus could exist. Take Superman himself as an example.

When Superman was originally created back in the 1930’s, he was far less powerful than he is today. In fact, if you stretched your imagination enough, it was just possible for that Superman to exist in our reality of today! You see, the original Superman came from a planet, Krypton, which had higher levels of gravity than those of Earth. With this extra gravity, stronger bones and muscles were needed to survive on such a world, so when Superman was sent to a planet with lower gravity, in this case Earth, he was much stronger than any human. He was also able to jump farther into the air and had tougher skin, so he was super-human, hence the name, “Superman”. Think of it like humans going to the Moon. Astronauts were able to jump much, much higher and move things that on Earth would have been impossible to move because the Moon has such a weaker gravity than the Earth. This is all the original Superman was, an astronaut from another planet!

What happened to Superman slowly over the years is that comic book writers let their imaginations loose and decided that if he could jump really high, than why not fly? If he could fly, he would need really good vision and this eventually became x-ray vision. If he had x-ray vision, why not heat vision? If he could make something hot, than why not be able to cool things down with powerful lungs? His strength that originally was only slightly more powerful than a few men, morphed into a strength that was so great he could lift mountains. So, while the original Superman was at least within the range of possibility for being a creature that could live in our reality, the modern Superman has become a god and cannot, as we know science today, exist in our reality.

Another good example of a hero that couldn’t possibly exist in our reality is the Hulk. The Hulk in the comic books is just a man who can transform himself into a large green monster that gets more powerful as it gets angry. Now this has problems from the beginning. The gamma radiation that the Hulk uses would either kill the man or give him cancer. Secondly, the cells in a body cannot transform that quickly from human to monster. Third, the Hulk is much more massive than the man he originally comes from, Dr. Bruce Banner. Where does that extra mass come from? If I remember correctly, mass cannot be created or destroyed, so how does a meek man put on hundreds of pounds of muscle in a few minutes? Not possible.

Then there is Spiderman. Bitten by a radioactive spider, he gets all the positives out of being a human-spider hybrid but none of the disadvantages. He doesn’t get compound eyes or extra legs or shoot webs from his abdomen or have a lot of extra hair all over his body. The “Spidey-Sense” that warns him from danger is based on Spiderman’s creator seeing that spiders have an unnatural sense of knowing when someone is going to step on them. Scientists have figured out how spiders do this and it has to do with the sudden change in air pressure that they can feel through the extra hairs on their bodies. Once they feel this sudden change in air pressure caused by a foot coming towards them, they run away through instinct. Alas, it is not a superpower that spiders have, it is something science can explain.

The most human superheroes, that is, superheroes without superpowers have the most likelihood of being able to exist in our reality, yet they have problems too.

I remember reading Batman and wondering at all the weird things that would happen that make Batman look good but would be impossible to happen in real life. For example, I remember reading several comic books where Batman would jump from rooftop to rooftop, often going down several stories and then landing on his feet or doing a tuck and roll. I tried jumping down several stories as a kid and trust me, you can’t do it without getting hurt. Perhaps if it was two or three stories that he jumped down then Batman wouldn’t have a problem but more than that and injuries happen. Then there is always the utility belt that has everything you could possibly want plus an unlimited amount of “Bat-a-rangs”. The pouches that are on that belt are too small to contain everything he uses plus the modern Batman seems to have a special gun that can fire rope that will attach to anything he shoots it at. It apparently is in his belt under his cape but you don’t see that gun when he is swinging around or fighting bad guys and his cape is in mid-air. Strange. It is almost as if the gun magically appears and disappears.

In addition to this, Batman always seems to be at the right place at the right time. If Gotham is anything like New York City in real life (and that is what many comic book writers have said) then it is a huge place and he can’t just hop into the Batmobile and find bad guys doing bad things as easily as he seems to do it in the comic books. Then there is the wear and tear that living that type of life would do to a body. Major league athletes in football can only sustain a full contact lifestyle until they are in their thirties and they only play for a few hours a week and only for part of the year, not every night like a Batman would. No, I am afraid that living like the Batman would cause the person to have to quit that lifestyle after 5 or maybe 10 years. Then they would have to live with the injuries, arthritis and crippling physical and mental pain for the rest of their life. I don’t know if anyone would or could do that.

Anyways, I just wanted to touch on the science behind superheroes and why they don’t and can’t exist in our everyday lives. While these characters are wonderful to read about and make some people aspire to something better, there is no scientific basis for any of these characters to exist in our world which has many more rule than in the minds of a comic book writer’s imagination.

“Quantum Teleportation” is NOT Teleportation

As you may have read in various articles that have come out over the last year or so, scientists have been successful at using “Quantum Teleportation” to move an object over a distance of a few feet or possible even up to a few metres away.

Now this sounds quite impressive. It makes people think of Star Trek and their teleportation devices that can pick up someone from a planet and place him into a spaceship that is circling that planet unharmed in the matter of a few seconds. However, that is not what Quantum Teleportation is all about.

Quantum Teleportation is actually closer to a fax machine. One teleportation device scans the object, then sends the information about the object to another device and the second device recreates the original object with materials it has at hand. Like a fax machine, you now have two objects that are identical but one is a copy. One must be destroyed in order to maintain “balance” in the universe (we can’t have two of the exact same object going about in the universe can we) and since the copy is now where we want the object to be, the original is destroyed.

This is fine with pieces of paper but if you do this type of “teleportation” with people (and scientist, futurists and science fiction writers have already imagined this happening and what they would do), you end up killing the original person. The theory from scientists who came up with this brilliant idea is that the copy is identical in every way to the original, so somehow the consciousness is transferred from the original to the copy so the copy is essentially the original. There is one extra version of you and we don’t need two of the exact same thing in the universe. Too bad for the original person!

The main thing here is that Quantum Teleportation does not, in fact, teleport a thing. Teleportation takes an object and moves that object to another location. Quantum Teleportation just sends information about an object from one place to another. The copy is already at the new location, it just hasn’t been put together yet. It “teleports” objects just as much as Lego “teleports” new Lego creations by selling you a box of Lego blocks. You take that box of Lego blocks follow the instructions in putting together the creation and now you have the creation in front of you, just like the one that was created by Lego. That’s what Quantum Teleportation is all about. True teleportation would have the people at Lego put their creation into a teleporter which would quickly pull the creation apart into its separate blocks, send those blocks through space to your home and as they reach your home they are assembled by a second teleportation device that puts the blocks back in the same order they were before. Each block is put back to where it was originally but now the creation is in your home and not at Lego headquarters.

The big deal about Quantum Teleportation is that scientist were able to scan a quantum sized object, find information about it, all without disturbing it too greatly. They were able to find a way around what scientists thought impossible and “observe” an object without disturbing it so much that it acted differently. What this proves is that what scientists thought about Quantum Mechanics is not completely true. It also supports my theory that Quantum Physics’ Uncertainty Principle is not true and needs to be scrapped.

So the next time you follow instructions to create something else, like a model airplane or a Lego creation or even putting together a house, you can say that you managed to “Quantum Teleport” an object!

Is the Universe Really Continuing to Accelerate Its Expansion?



In 1998, three men Saul Perlmutter, Brian P. Schmidt and Adam G. Riess made a discovery that the universe was not only expanding but that this expansion was increasing.[i] Now this is shocking as one would think that after the Big Bang, the universe would slow down its expansion as it was this initial explosion that caused the expansion to begin with. Logic would dictate that the mass of the universe and the gravity associated with this mass would cause the universe to shrink. Just like throwing a rock into the air, gravity would eventually cause the rock to fall towards the Earth after gravity has overtaken the acceleration of the rock. So why doesn’t this seem to be happening to our universe? Why is the expansion increasing? I don’t believe that this accelerating expansion actually is happening. In fact, I think scientists have come to the wrong conclusion and I will explain why

First, however, let’s look first at how these men discovered the accelerating expansion.

Since we can’t go out into the universe and physically measure the speed at which an object is moving, something else needs to be used. In this case, the three men used a technique that is called, “Redshift” to determine the relative speed of objects moving in the universe. “Redshift” is when you look at an object that is giving off light and is moving away from you the light will start to look redder the faster it is moving away from you. If a star is moving towards the Earth, it will look bluer instead of red. This is like the Doppler Effect that gives you that distinct change in sound when a car comes at and then passes you. In the case of the Redshift, it is light that changes. By looking at specific bright stars and measuring their Redshift, scientists can determine if that star is moving away from the Earth faster or slower than a star in another part of the universe. That is what these three men did. They took measurements of supernovae (exploding stars that are very bright) and compared them to each other and found that the deeper they looked into the universe (that is, the farther away), the faster these supernovae were moving away from the Earth. Thus they came up with the notion that the universe is expanding and that expansion is accelerating!

Now this is a very logical and well thought out thesis, however, they haven’t factored in the fact that the deeper you look in the universe, the further back in time you are seeing. Light takes its time to get from stars that are light-years away. If a star is roughly twenty light-years away, it takes roughly twenty light years for us to actually see that light. Even though I have argued that light is not limited to the Speed of Light (roughly 300,000 km per second), the visible light that humans can detect moves at the Speed of Light and takes time to reach us, just like it takes eight minutes for visible light to reach our eyes from the Sun. What we see in the night sky is an historical view of the universe, not the current way it exists. This is incredibly important to remember and needs to be factored into any theory that relies on observing stars and supernovae. This wasn’t done in when these three men came up with their theory that the universe is expanding at an accelerating pace. This is the fatal flaw in their theory.

When you look further and further into the night sky, you look further and further back in time, so what these three men are actually observing is the slowing down of the acceleration of the expansion of the universe.

I know that may seem confusing but think about it; the farthest we can see with the most powerful telescopes is billions of light years from Earth. This means we are looking billions of years into the past. Back then it would have been closer to the Big Bang and closer to the event that caused the massive expansion of the universe. The stars that we see from that time would be seen as getting farther away, faster than ones closer to us because expansion would have slowed down due to gravity, thus slowing down the stars closer to us. As you pull back the telescope to closer and closer stars, you end up closer and closer to our current time period and with it, a slowing down of the expansion.

I know that this flies in the face of a theory that was so good that it won the Nobel Prize but if you value logic then this current theory is flawed. It’s flawed because it ignores what teachers have been telling students for years; the starlight you see in the night sky is from a long time ago and could be from a dead star that hasn’t shone in years. I think it is time that we either completely trash the theory that it takes time for starlight to reach the Earth so that the theory of the accelerating expansion of the universe can work or we trash the theory the accelerating expansion of the universe theory. Both cannot be correct.    

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[i] These three men were later given the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics for this discovery.